Cardio-cerebral vascular diseases are common and frequently occurring serious diseases that threaten humans.In recent years,Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) has played a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.However,DSA is not able to visualize intravascular structures in real time,and it is especially difficult to evaluate each layer of the vascular wall and the composition of atherosclerotic plaques with DSA.Quantum correlated imaging is a new technique that can be used to perform real-time online imaging of intravascular flow,vascular wall structure,and atherosclerotic plaque composition.Quantum correlated imaging is a promising new technique that will soon be used in the diagnosis and treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common pediatrics malignant tumors of the central nervous system.Studies in America and Europe have demonstrated significant differences in the prognostic value of medulloblastoma extent among molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma.However,studies focusing on the Chinese population are still lacking.A total of 113 patients with medulloblastoma who underwent surgical resection in Huashan Hospital between January 2002 and December 2013 were included in this study.Histological diagnoses were confirmed by 2 or more pathologists.Immunohistochemistry and CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation analysis were used to determine the different subgroups.Complete or incomplete resection was defined based on surgeons' reports and confirmed by postoperative computer tomography (CT).In this study,we included 113 patients with medulloblastoma (13 with WNT subgroup,18 with SHH subgroup,and 82 with non-SHH/WNT subgroups) to assess their event-free and overall survival.We identified event-free survival and overall survival benefit for complete resection over incomplete resection.We found that for patients with NON-SHH/WNT medulloblastoma,incomplete resection was significantly associated with progression and overall survival compared with complete resection.To our best knowledge,the present study is the first to demonstrate the prognostic value of tumor extent of resection among the molecular subgroups of 113 medulloblastoma in the Chinese population.The prognostic benefit of the increased extent of resection for patients with medulloblastoma is attenuated after the molecular subgroups are taken into account.We still need further study to assess the benefit of surgical resection of small residual portions.

Objective: Brainstem cavernous malformation (BSCM) is extremely challenging for neurosurgeons in terms of surgical approach choices.In this article,we summarized our experience in skull base approaches of BSCM,and elucidated the advance of surgical treatments of brain stem cavernous malformation through reviewing recent relevant articles.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 20 consecutive patients who underwent resection between May 1,2014 and April 30,2016.Only midline suboccipital,subtemporal approach and retrosigmoid approach were used in this series.The diagnoses of all patients were confirmed by radiological and histological examination.
Results: All 20 patients were completely extirpated without surgical-related mortality.The mean follow-up period was 9.5 months (range,2-20 months).Of the 20 patients,80% symptomatic patients underwent surgery after first bleeding episode within 3 months,20% after two or more bleeding episodes by magnetic resonance imaging.After resection and during follow-up,75% of patients had an improvement in their modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores,whereas 10% were worse compared with their preoperative presentation;15% were unchanged.
Conclusion: Appropriate basic surgical approach and minimally invasive techniques are necessary in preventing impairment of neurologic function.The three common basic skull base approaches,combined with minimally invasive techniques can handle most of BSCMs with good surgical results.

Objective: To discuss the correlation among intracranial arterial stenosis and its risk factors.
Methods: A total of 486 patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic cerebral infarction were examined using color doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and transcranial doppler ultrosonography (TCD).According to the degrees of extracranial arterial stenosis,patients with mild-to-moderate extracranial stenosis were classified into group A (435 cases) while those with constant severe stenosis or occlusion were classified into group B (51 cases).The differences between the two groups of risk factors were compared,and the multi-factor logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with moderately severe intracranial arterial stenosis was performed.
Results: ① The risk factors that were significantly associated with intracranial arterial stenosis included age (P=0.034) and gender (P=0.044).② Intracranial artery stenosis was observed in both anterior and posterior cerebral arteries in patients with hypertension,diabetes,and coronary heart disease respectively (P< 0.05).③ Compared with group A,patients in group B were older (P=0.000),with a higher proportion of men (P=0.037),and the intracranial arterial stenosis degrees were significantly higher (P=0.013).④ Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes is a risk factor for moderately severe intracranial arterial stenosis (P< 0.05),and hyperlipidemia is a protective factor (P=0.012).
Conclusions: Age,gender,hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,and smoking are risk factors for the distribution of intracranial arterial stenosis.The degrees of intracranial arterial stenosis are related with extracranial arterial stenosis.Diabetes is a risk factor for moderately severe intracranial arterial stenosis while hyperlipidemia is a protective factor.

Since remote cerebellar hemorrhage,with intracerebral hemorrhage after supratentorial neurosurgery,is rare,its pathophysiology remains elusive.Here,we report a 64-year-old man who had severe bilateral symmetric remote cerebellar hemorrhage with frontal lobe hemorrhage following burr-hole evacuation for supratentorial chronic subdural hematoma.Computed tomography venography showed undeveloped left internal jugular vein and sigmoid sinus.He received 3 weeks of conservative treatment and fully recovered.Overdrainage of cerebrospinal fluid and head rotation with undeveloped internal jugular vein may have resulted in this complication.This case is the first case in the literature with this event sequence and has some significance for revealing the mechanism of remote cerebellar hemorrhage occurrence after other supratentorial surgeries.

Objective: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms are considered biomarkers of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).However,the results of studies of these polymorphisms have been inconsistent.The ACE protein directly degrades beta-amyloid and thereby slows the progression of AD and its onset.However,it also activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,which can contribute to hypertension and/or cardiovascular events that increase the risk for developing AD.
Methods: In this study,we examined the bidirectional association of the ACE gene and AD in patients with AD with and without hypertension.
Results: Patients who were clinically diagnosed with AD (n=983) underwent ACE I/D genotyping.The distribution of the ACE I/D genotypes (P=0.355 for I/I vs.D/D;P=0.888 for I/D vs.D/D) and I alleles (P=0.895) did not significantly differ between hypertensive patients with AD and patients with AD without hypertension.
Conclusions: In contrast to traditional theories,the results of this study suggested that the contribution of the ACE gene to the development of AD was not associated with hypertension and similar cardiovascular effects.

Objective: We aimed to provide an alternative cell source for cell therapy in leukoaraiosis (LA).
Methods: Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from the olfactory bulb were isolated,cultured,and purified.Next,the lentivirus carrying human VEGF165 gene was constructed and transfected into OECs.
Results: The proliferative capacity of primary OECs was strong.OECs were infected with different multiplicity of infection.The expression level of VEGF was confirmed by real-time PCR with specific primers for GAPDH and VEGF,indicating that the genetically engineered OECs-VEGF produced VEGF with functional activity.
Conclusions: Our data showed that these engineered OECs-VEGF highly express functional VEGF and retain the characteristics of astrocytes and Schwann cells,providing an alternative cell source for cell therapy in LA.

Intrasellar cavernous hemangioma is rare.There are no specific symptoms and the mass effect often mimics pituitary macroadenoma.We present one case of intrasellar cavernous hemangioma that was misdiagnosed.Progressively decreasing vision was the main symptom in this case.The prolactin level was mildly increased but other biochemistry examinations were normal.Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged pituitary fossa and an irregular solid tumor (33 mm×22 mm×22 mm) in the sella turcica and parasellar region.Subtotal removal in the case was performed through a transsphenoidal approach.Postoperatively,the patient's visual acuity improved.Through a literature review of 8 intrasellar cavernous hemangiomas,we found most lesions are likely to extend into the suprasellar cistern and cavernous sinus,and total resection is difficult.Transsphenoidal approach surgery should be applied for decompression of the optic nerve and biopsy,and stereotactic radiosurgery is preferable.

Ghost imaging (GI) has characteristics that make it promising for applications in life sciences and other fields,such as its high sensitivity and strong anti-interference compared with traditional imaging.This paper presents a new approach for online angiography using GI.Two signals are correlation-calculated to detect the object image:one of them is the random light field generated by a computer,and the other enters the optical fiber path after being transmitted to the detected object via a modulator.A new approach for the real-time imaging of intravascular flow,vascular wall structures,and components of atherosclerotic plaque is proposed,which has the advantages of a high sensitivity and anti-interference.