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Volume 11 No. 2
20 February 2006
Solvent Extraction in Hydrometallurgy: Present and Future

Gordon M. Ritcey

2006, 11(2): 137-152.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70168-7
Abstract ( 241 )  ( 324 )   Save
During the past 10 years, there have been incremental advances in the application of solvent extraction to process hydrometallurgy. The most cited areas in the literature include chemistry, chemical engineering, pilot plants, and plant operation. Within these areas, there were considerable interest in synergism, diluents, degradation, contactors, surfactants, hydrometallurgical applications, environmental and secondary applications, and health and safety. The summary to the present is followed b...
Solvent Extraction Developments in Southern Africa

Peter M. Cole, Kathryn C. Sole, Angus M. Feather

2006, 11(2): 153-159.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70169-9
Abstract ( 165 )  ( 314 )   Save
The largest solvent-extraction plant in the world at the time, the Nchanga Copper Operation, was in Zambia. The first commercial process using solvent extraction for the refining of the platinum-group metals was in South Africa. More recently, the Southern African region has seen the implementation of solvent extraction for other base metals, precious metals, and specialty metals. These include the world firsts of primary production of zinc at Skorpion Zinc in Namibia and the large-scale refinin...
Equilibrium Copper Strip Points as a Function of Temperature and Other Operating Parameters: Implications for Commercial Copper Solvent Extraction Plants

Gary Kordosky, Michael Virnig, Burrel Boley

2006, 11(2): 160-164.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70170-5
Abstract ( 175 )  ( 327 )   Save
The development of pressure and bioleaching processes for high grade copper ores and concentrates will result in copper solvent extraction plants treating solutions with high copper and acid concentrations at temperatures up to 45癈 and these copper solvent extraction plants will run with reagent concentrations up to 40 vol.%. There is also a trend to use copper stripping solutions with less acid than typically used in recent years. Cognis has developed a model that accurately predicts the copper...
Interfacial Phenomena in Solvent Extraction and Its Influence on Process Performance

Geoffrey W. Stevens

2006, 11(2): 165-170.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70171-7
Abstract ( 151 )  ( 308 )   Save
Solvent extraction is now finding applications in a broader range of fields than the past. Many of these applications require process equipment with shorter contact times, and in some cases to the point where the traditional equilibrium stage approach is not a good model for predicting performance. In addition, feed streams are becoming lower in concentration of the solute. This means greater feed to solvent flow ratios are being used and so loss of organics as entrainment in the feed is more of...
Affinity Solvents for Intensified Organics Extraction: Development Challenges and Prospects

Andr�B. de Haan

2006, 11(2): 171-180.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70172-9
Abstract ( 121 )  ( 22 )   Save
In most organics extraction processes, the commonly used solvents employ solely physical interactions. Therefore, for the recovery and purification of products from complex mixtures, the selectivity and/or capacity of classical solvents towards the desired solutes is usually insufficient, enforcing the need for complex and thus expensive separation schemes. Significant simplification and cost-reduction can be achieved when affinity solvents would be available that are able to recognize the solut...
Recent Advances in Study on Thermodynamic Models for Real Systems Including Electrolytes

Yigui Li

2006, 11(2): 181-187.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70173-0
Abstract ( 147 )  ( 308 )   Save
A comprehensive review of recent advances in study on thermodynamic models for real electrolyte solutions is presented. The differences between primitive and non-primitive electrolyte models are demonstrated. Some new thermodynamic models for electrolyte solutions based on the mean spherical approximation and perturbation theory are introduced. An extended scaled-particle theory and modified Clegg-Pitzer equation are presented for physical and chemical absorption processes with mixed solvents, r...
Separations of Metal Ions Using Ionic Liquids: The Challenges of Multiple Mechanisms

Violina A. Cocalia, John D. Holbrey, Keith E. Gutowski, Nicholas J. Bridges, Robin D. Rogers

2006, 11(2): 188-193.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70174-2
Abstract ( 228 )  ( 332 )   Save
Ionic liquids are a distinct sub-set of liquids, comprising only of cations and anions, often with negligible vapor pressure. As a result of the low or non-volatility of these fluids, ionic liquids are often considered in liquid/liquid separation schemes where the goal is to replace volatile organic solvents. Unfortunately, it is often not yet recognized that the ionic nature of these solvents can result in a variety of extraction mechanisms, including solvent ion-pair extraction, ion exchange, ...
Recent Advances in Protein Extraction and Chiral Separation of Biomolecules

Masahiro Goto

2006, 11(2): 194-201.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70175-4
Abstract ( 121 )  ( 364 )   Save
Reverse micelles create unique environment in organic media. They are capable of solubilizing hydrophilic biomolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, amino acids, and DNAs) in their aqueous interior. This feature brings about the practical use of biomaterials in organic media because reverse micelles solubilize them with the intrinsic activity. In this paper, we focus on recent two topics concerning protein extraction and chiral separation of biomolecules using liquid membranes. In the first topic, ...
Investigation of Phase Inversion of Liquid-Liquid Dispersions in Agitated Vessels

Bin Hu, Lan Liu, Omar K. Matar, Panagiota Angeli, Geoffrey F. Hewitt, E. Susana P閞ez de Ortiz

2006, 11(2): 202-206.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70176-6
Abstract ( 147 )  ( 308 )   Save
In this paper we report results from on-going theoretical and experimental studies carried out jointly at Imperial College London and University College London. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is used to investigate liquid-liquid phase inversion experimentally and to observe in detail phenomena that accompany the inversion process, such as secondary dispersions and drop coalescence and breakup. Theoretically, a two-region model together with a criterion based on a dynamic balance between drop c...
Integrated Approach to the Development of Solvent Extraction Flow Sheets

Baruch Grinbaum

2006, 11(2): 207-211.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70177-8
Abstract ( 219 )  ( 312 )   Save
The objective of the integrated approach is to minimize the cost and duration of the development of the final flow sheet by optimal allocation of the resources to various steps of the development. In the integrated approach, the development of a solvent extraction (SX) flow sheet is done in the following order: 1) Definition of the process: composition of the feed, specification of the product, minimum yield, etc.; 2) Selection of the solvent(s) and studying its chemical and physical properties;...
From Single Droplet to Column Design

Hans-J鰎g Bart

2006, 11(2): 212-216.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70178-X
Abstract ( 178 )  ( 316 )   Save
The technique state to design counter-current extraction columns is based on the performance of pilot plant experiments. The modelling is then either with the equilibrium or dispersion model, whereas in the latter the dispersion coefficient accounts for all hydrodynamic non-idealities. A new approach uses single droplet experiments to obtain the basic laws and functions governing droplet breakage, coalescence, relative velocity, and axial dispersion when using droplet populance balance models (D...
Nuclear Minerals Plants in Brazil—Case Studies

Jeaneth dos S. Benedetto

2006, 11(2): 217-221.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70179-1
Abstract ( 165 )  ( 310 )   Save
This paper presents the process flow sheet of the main nuclear industrial units in Brazil and discusses some solvent extraction technical support required for these plants. The Center for the Development of Nuclear Technology—CDTN has been investigating alternative ways to supply the nuclear industry in order to improve the industrial processes. Some case study examples are presented, Emulsion from Uranium Solvent Extraction Plant and Itataia Uranium Developments. In Caitité industrial plant the...
Reactive Extraction of Alcohols from Apolar Hydrocarbons with Aqueous Solutions

Boris Kuzmanović, Norbert J.M. Kuipers, André B. de Haan, Gerard Kwant

2006, 11(2): 222-227.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70180-8
Abstract ( 164 )  ( 341 )   Save
The aqueous solutions are evaluated as sustainable reactive extraction solvents for the recovery of monohydroxyl alcohols (benzyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, cyclohexanol) present in few-percent concentrations in apolar hydrocarbons (toluene, n-hexane, and cyclohexane) by considering two approaches. An aqueous solution containing a reactive extractant, like borate salts, borate complexes, a monosalt of dicarboxylic acid, hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrins, and silver nitrate, shows limited potential to be used...
Spectroscopic Detection of Chiral Aggregation at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces

Hitoshi Watarai, Sayaka Wada, Kazuhiko Fujiwara

2006, 11(2): 228-232.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70181-X
Abstract ( 129 )  ( 330 )   Save
Two new spectroscopic methods to detect the optical activity of liquid-liquid interfaces have been developed. The first one is the centrifugal liquid membrane (CLM) method combined with a conventional circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry and the second one is a more interfacial specific second harmonic generation CD (SHG-CD) spectrometry. In the CLM-CD method, a cylindrical glass cell containing small amounts of organic and aqueous phases was rotated at about 7000 r/min in a sample chamber...
Sol-Gel Synthesized Adsorbents for Metal Separation

L.L. Tavlarides, J.S. Lee, K.H. Nam, N. Agarwal

2006, 11(2): 233-240.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70182-1
Abstract ( 106 )  ( 413 )   Save
A series of organo-ceramic adsorbents have been synthesized by a sol-gel processing technique for metal ion extraction. These adsorbents generally have significantly high metal uptake capacities, good physical-chemical stabilities, and well-designed pore geometries compared to other pre-existing metal-chelating ceramic-based adsorbents. This work describes the synthesis and evaluation of pyrazole and calix[4]arene crown adsorbents for selective separation of platinum, palladium, and gold and ces...
Rare Earth Separation in China

Chunhua Yan, Jiangtao Jia, Chunsheng Liao, Sheng Wu, Guangxian Xu

2006, 11(2): 241-247.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70183-3
Abstract ( 274 )  ( 312 )   Save
During the last decade, China rare earth (RE) industry has made significant progress and become one of the most important producers in the world. In this paper, the recent developments in both fundamental research and industrial application are briefly reviewed: (1) the development and application of Theory of Countercurrent Extraction, (2) the novel solvent extraction process and its application in industry for separating heavy rare earth elements (Tm, Yb, Lu), yttrium (Y), and scandium (Sc), (...
Application of Block Copolymer in Three-Liquid-Phase Extraction System

Shufeng Shen, Zhidong Chang, Xinghua Sun, Xin Hu, Huizhou Liu

2006, 11(2): 248-251.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70184-5
Abstract ( 148 )  ( 351 )   Save
A novel three-liquid-phase extraction system (TES) composed of butyl acetate, block copolymer polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide and ammonium sulphate aqueous solution [(NH4)2SO4] as top, middle, and bottom phase, respectively, has been developed. The copolymer recycling and partitioning behavior of penicillin V has been studied in this system. Results show that the copolymer could be purified and recycled and penicillin V of the filtrated ferment broth could be partitione...
Effect of Copper Content on the Direct Process of Organosilane Synthesis from Silicon and Methyl Chloride

Wuxi Luo, Guoliang Zhang, Guangrun Wang, Jinfu Wang

2006, 11(2): 252-258.   doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70185-7
Abstract ( 127 )  ( 336 )   Save
The effect of copper concentration on the performance of the catalytic reaction between silicon and methyl chloride was investigated using online gas chromatogram. The catalyst concentration greatly influences various aspects of the direct organosilane synthesis process, including the reaction rate, the selectivity, and the silicon conversion. The reaction activity and the silicon conversion increase as the catalyst concentration increases. However, the reaction selectivity decreases for the cat...
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